GRAMMAR

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  Adverb clauses of concession  Meaning: That is true, but… Common words that express concession: Although, even though, though, while, despite the fact that  Examples .  Although: a pesar de o aunque (formal) Although learning a language is difficult, it will provide more benefits in the long run. Although it was expensive, he bought the new phone." "Although she was late, she was still allowed to join the meeting." "Although it was difficult, he managed to solve the problem." "Although they were tired, they continued working until midnight." "Although the weather was bad, we decided to go hiking." Even though: a pesar de (formal) Even though learning a language is difficult, it will provide more benefits in the long run. "Even though he had no experience, he performed well in the job interview." "Even though the dessert looked unappetizing, it tasted delicious." "Even though she didn't practice much, she played...

  INVERSIONS  PART 1 Inversion after negative adverbials Never before, rarely, seldom , barely, hardly, scarcely, scarcely… when-before, no sooner… than .  Never before: Never before will I forget this amazing experience. (Future) Never before was he  so disappointed in his team. (Past) Never before has she been so confident. (Present Perfect) Rarely: Rarely will you find such a dedicated worker. (Future) Rarely did they agree on anything. (Past) Rarely have we seen such a rapid change. (Present Perfect) Seldom: Seldom will you hear him speak so passionately. (Future) Seldom did they visit their grandparents. (Past) Seldom have I met someone so kind. (Present Perfect) Seldom was he in the school. past Seldom do I go to parties. Present  Barely: Barely will you recognize the city after the renovation. (Future) Barely had they left when the storm began. (Past Perfect) Barely has she touched her dinner. (Present Perfect) Hardly: Hardly will they believe what happen...

  Adverb phrases of reasons Part 1 Reduce the adverb clause into an adverb phrase.  change the verb (simple past) into present participle (verb +  ing) Example 1 Adverb clause Because they recognized their efforts, the company decided to give an extra bonus to the employees.  Adverb phrase  Recognizing their efforts, the company decided to give an extra bonus to the employees.  Example 2 Adverb clause Since they realized that the task was too difficult, the school community decided to change it for an easier one.  Adverb phrase Realizing that the task was too difficult, the school community decided to change it for an easier one.  Practice. reduce the sentences  Since the recipe required a special ingredient, they went to the grocery store. Because the movie received positive reviews, they decided to watch it at the cinema. Since the recipe required a special ingredient, they went to the grocery store. Because they missed the last train, they...

  Reported speech  Part 1 Original. Teacher: You should study more.  Reported: The teacher says that you should study more.  Explain, feel, think, believe, say.   The teacher explains that you should study more. Tell The teacher tells students that you should study more. You should make a list of questions. You need to turn in your homework. Part 2 Original. Teacher: what is the answer in exercise 2? Reported: The teacher asks what the answer in exercise 2 is. Ask, explain, describe, wonder  The teacher explains what the answer in exercise 2 is. Tell.  The teacher tells them what the answer in exercise 2 is. How are you? What time is it? Part 3 Shifting tenses Will - would Original. Teacher: We will have an exam tomorrow.  Reported: The teacher said that we would have an exam the following day.  You will fail You will not pass the exam.  Simple past, present perfect - past perfect   Original. Teacher: We had an exam yeste...